Near‐surface hydraulic conductivity of northern hemisphere glaciers          下载免费PDF全文

Ian T. Stevens  Tristram D.L. Irvine‐Fynn  Philip R. Porter  Joseph M. Cook  Arwyn Edwards  Martin Smart  Brian J. Moorman  Andy J. Hodson  Andrew C. Mitchell 《水文研究》2018,32(7):850-865

The hydrology of near‐surface glacier ice remains a neglected aspect of glacier hydrology despite its role in modulating meltwater delivery to downstream environments. To elucidate the hydrological characteristics of this near‐surface glacial weathering crust, we describe the design and operation of a capacitance‐based piezometer that enables rapid, economical deployment across multiple sites and provides an accurate, high‐resolution record of near‐surface water‐level fluctuations. Piezometers were employed at 10 northern hemisphere glaciers, and through the application of standard bail–recharge techniques, we derive hydraulic conductivity (K) values from 0.003 to 3.519 m day^?1, with a mean of 0.185 ± 0.019 m day^?1. These results are comparable to those obtained in other discrete studies of glacier near‐surface ice, and for firn, and indicate that the weathering crust represents a hydrologically inefficient aquifer. Hydraulic conductivity correlated positively with water table height but negatively with altitude and cumulative short‐wave radiation since the last synoptic period of either negative air temperatures or turbulent energy flux dominance. The large range of K observed suggests complex interactions between meteorological influences and differences arising from variability in ice structure and crystallography. Our data demonstrate a greater complexity of near‐surface ice hydrology than hitherto appreciated and support the notion that the weathering crust can regulate the supraglacial discharge response to melt production. The conductivities reported here, coupled with typical supraglacial channel spacing, suggest that meltwater can be retained within the weathering crust for at least several days. Not only does this have implications for the accuracy of predictive meltwater run‐off models, but we also argue for biogeochemical processes and transfers that are strongly conditioned by water residence time and the efficacy of the cascade of sediments, impurities, microbes, and nutrients to downstream ecosystems. Because continued atmospheric warming will incur rising snowline elevations and glacier thinning, the supraglacial hydrological system may assume greater importance in many mountainous regions, and consequently, detailing weathering crust hydraulics represents a research priority because the flow path it represents remains poorly constrained.  相似文献   

江西地区地方性震级的量规函数与台基校正值研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

项月文  陈浩  肖孟仁  曾文敬  肖健 《中国地震》2018,34(1):122-132

本文采用《江西测震台网地震观测报告》,选取2007年10月~2015年12月所记录的499次M_L≥1.5地震事件,对各子台测定震级与台网平均震级偏差进行定量的统计分析,从震级偏差频次分布、量规函数、台基、方位角等方面分析产生震级偏差的原因。在对量规函数和台基进行校正后,震级偏差绝对值在0.2以内的样本数达到了68.6%,并给出了适合江西地区的量规函数和台基校正值。  相似文献   

川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性研究进展     

张艺  高原  赵镇岭 《中国地震》2018,34(2):207-218

根据川滇地区已有的地震各向异性研究结果,利用体波、面波资料的结果,分析川滇地区不同构造尺度、不同深度的地震各向异性特征。对比不同方法研究川滇地区介质各向异性的特点,探讨了该地区的介质连续性及壳幔耦合状态。分析认为,地壳上地幔各向异性的差异表明,川滇地区具有复杂的地壳及上地幔形变机制。因此,对于川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性的深入理解,需在理论上和高密度数据资料基础上加强量化分析和综合研究。  相似文献   

安徽寿县丁家孤堆遗址自然变形遗迹的发现及特征初探     

姚大全  宫希成  郑海刚  赵朋  杨源源 《中国地震》2018,34(2):322-327

古遗址、古墓地发掘过程中自然变形现象的识别研究是反演或充实最新构造变形历史记录的重要工作。地震部门会同文物考古部门对安徽寿县丁家孤堆遗址文化层进行宏、微观研究,发现了自然变形痕迹,其主要表现为文化层被砂脉穿切,初步研究显示为地震液化遗迹,发生时代处于龙山晚期至西周时期。研究有助于推动中国东部文化层中地震遗迹的识别。  相似文献   

2017年九寨沟7.0级地震前不同级别地震空区的演化过程分析     

张博  张辉  冯建刚  王朋涛 《中国地震》2018,34(4):765-771

结合传统地震学方法与数字地震学方法，回顾总结了日常分析预报中针对九寨沟7.0级地震开展的相关工作，梳理总结了地震前提出的甘东南地震异常信息，进一步讨论了九寨沟地震前中期、短期及临震异常特征。通过分析九寨沟7.0级地震之前区域范围内不同震级活动图像，发现甘青川交界地区5级空区在震前向震中一侧收缩、4级地震超长平静458天、3级空区在震前4天被打破的现象，同时发现，震中附近区域震源机制一致性较高，反映了震源区的高应力水平。  相似文献   

环形带地震活动能量场分析方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马禾青  杨明芝 《中国地震》2018,34(4):809-817

将地震活动能量作为随机场,采用自然正交函数(或称经验正交函数)展开方法进行分析,计算单元取为环形,选择7级、6级地震作为样本,计算了这些7级、6级地震前环形带地震活动典型场的时间因子曲线。结果表明,选取的7级、6级地震震例震前环形带地震活动典型场的时间因子曲线明显出现了偏离正常变化的异常,异常出现时间大多在震前3年至临震时。环形带地震活动场分析方法还能够分析发生异常的空间分布情况。最后就环形带地震活动场分析方法的应用效果、参数选取以及应用于实际地震预测工作的有关问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

新疆数字化地震台网业务运行管理系统     

陈向军  魏斌 《地震地磁观测与研究》2018,39(3):189-196

新疆数字化地震台网业务运行管理系统具有对地震台站业务考评、网络及设备信息、台站参数、系统运维、数据共享、大震速报、速报编目数据统计和台网资料等信息管理功能。该系统在Windows 7系统环境下，使用MyEclipse平台和MySQL数据库通过JSP技术开发动态Web Service系统，使用Delphi XE10环境开发移动APP。在新疆地震台网投入运行后，解决了日常业务中台站与台站、台网与台站数据和信息交换困难的问题，有效提高了新疆地震台网的运行质量监管力度，方便用户使用各类数据，有较好的推广应用价值。  相似文献   

宝昌地震台VP型宽频带垂直摆倾斜仪干扰因素分析     

贾昕晔  贾彦杰  白少奇  闫纪文 《地震地磁观测与研究》2018,39(5):131-135

选取2014年、2016年5月、2017年1-9月宝昌地震台VP型宽频带垂直摆倾斜仪观测资料，针对观测山洞湿度、雷电、人为因素等干扰，与正常时段光滑、噪声低的正弦固体潮观测曲线进行对比分析，通过对干扰因素进行分析与排除，可提高形变观测资料质量，为准确识别震兆异常提供参考。  相似文献   

部分预制型钢混凝土梁抗震性能试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

郭敬超  邵永健  梁松  薛祯钰 《世界地震工程》2018,34(4):016-23

为探究部分预制型钢混凝土梁的抗震性能，进行了7个部分预制型钢混凝土梁试件的拟静力试验，研究了试件的裂缝开展过程、破坏形态、承载能力、延性、耗能能力和刚度退化情况，探究预制截面模式、剪跨比和后浇混凝土强度等对其抗震能力的影响。结果表明:地震作用下，该7个试件力学性能较好，剪跨比是影响试件抗震性能的首要要素，剪跨比大的试件耗能能力强，型钢约束部分混凝土可以提高试件的耗能能力，截面模式和后浇混凝土强度对抗震性能影响不大。  相似文献   

Magnitude of latent heat in thermally loaded clays     

Sergio Samat  Laurent Brochard  Ioannis Stefanou 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(14):1926-1957

Temperature changes are known to induce specific couplings in clay, in particular, an anomalously high thermal pressurization in undrained conditions or a thermal compaction in drained conditions, both of which are potential threats for the mechanical stability and sealing capacity of the geomaterials. Thermodynamical analysis of those peculiar thermomechanical couplings points to a potentially important latent energy, which in turn could limit the temperature change upon heating or cooling. The direct measurement of latent energy developed during a laboratory geomechanical test is challenging. Instead, proper identification of thermal hardening in conventional experiments with temperature changes provides an alternative route to estimate latent energy. In this work, existing laboratory thermomechanical tests of clays are analyzed with a rigorous thermodynamic framework to quantify the magnitude of latent energy in thermomechanically loaded clays. A thermodynamically consistent constitutive model for fully saturated clays that combines two key features, (a) the temperature dependence of the blocked energy and (b) the framework of bounding plasticity, is proposed. The performance of the model is validated by reproducing results obtained in laboratory tests for Boom and Opalinus clays. The thermomechanical loads considered to validate the model performance were then used to estimate the percentage of work that remains latent in the clayey material during plastic yielding. We find that the magnitude of latent energy is quite significant, typically a few tens of percent of the total dissipated energy, and increases significantly with temperature. Accordingly, it is expected to play an important role in the thermomechanical response of clays.  相似文献